How to Improve your Presentation Skills ?

 Presentation Skills

Presentations and reports are ways of communicating ideas and information to a group. But unlike a report, a presentation carries the speaker's personality better and allows immediate interaction between all the participants.

A report is the orderly presentation of the results of the research which seeks truth and interprets facts into constructive ideas and suggestions. After research has found, developed, or substantiated knowledge, the new facts are collected and organized and presented in a report designed to meet a need for specific information. A presentation is all that; however, it adds one additional element ---- The Human Element.

A good presentation has:

• Content -- It contains information that people need. But unlike reports, which are read at the reader's own pace, presentations must account for how much information the audience can absorb in one sitting.

• Structure --  It has a  logical beginning, middle, and end. It must be sequenced and paced so that the audience can understand it. Whereas reports have appendices and footnotes to guide the reader, the speaker must be careful not to lose the audience when wandering from the main point of the presentation.

• Packaging -- It must be well prepared. A report can be reread and portions skipped over, but with a presentation, the audience is at the mercy of the presenter.

• Human Element --  A good presentation will be remembered much more than a good report because it has a person attached to it. However, you must still analyze the audience's needs to determine if they would be a better mot if a report was sent instead.

1. The Voice
2. The Body
3. Active Listening
4. Nerves
5. Questioning

For Detail: Download Presentation notes

Paragraph Writing

Good paragraphs begin with a topic sentence that briefly explains what the paragraph is about. Next come a few sentences for development and support, elaborating on the topic with more detail. Paragraphs end with a conclusion sentence that summarizes the topic or presents one final piece of support to wrap up.

Steps in Paragraph writing

• Introduction (1 Line)
• Thesis (1 Line)
• Detail (5 Lines)
• Conclusion (1 Line)

Types of Paragraph writing

There are four types of paragraphs:

1. Descriptive paragraphs
2. Narrative Paragraphs
3. Expository Paragraphs
4. Argumentative Paragraphs

Descriptive Paragraphs:  

The descriptive paragraph is a genre of a paragraph that asks students to describe something.

Example:  For example, describing an object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc.

Narrative Paragraphs:  When writing a narrative paragraph, one might think of it as telling a story.

Expository Paragraphs: Expository paragraph is a genre of a paragraph that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner.

Argumentative Paragraphs: A good argumentative paragraph uses evidence and facts to support the claim it's making apart from the writer's thoughts and opinions to make strong reasoning.

Topics

Some topics for paragraph writing are:

• Write a paragraph about an important person in history. Be sure to address the topic of the paragraph, such as that person’s career, birthplace, or prominent contribution. Use supporting sentences to expand on the topic chosen.

• Write a paragraph about your bedroom at home. Be descriptive, and use adjectives to describe how the space looks and how you feel when you are in your bedroom.

• Write a paragraph about a holiday that you do not celebrate. Use facts within the supporting sentences to explain the holiday and the traditions that are associated with it.

• Write a paragraph about an insect. Make sure to use scientific data and observations to create strong support within the paragraph.

• Write a paragraph arguing your opinion on a controversial topic. Make sure to use factual information to support your opinion, and conclude with why you feel the way that you do.

• Write a descriptive paragraph about your garden. Identify the plants that are in the garden, and use descriptive phrases to make the reader feel as if they are walking through your garden.

• Write a paragraph providing instructions on how to code your favorite game. Be sure to offer clear direction, and don’t forget to use transitional phrases to guide the reader from one step to the next.

• Write a paragraph about a new invention that you would create. Use descriptive phrases to describe your invention and to support the topic. 

• Write a persuasive paragraph asking your classmates to help take care of the school better. Offer several reasons within your supporting sentences as to why they should care about the well-being of their school building.
  

Letter Writing

There are two types of letters:

1. Formal Letters

2. Informal Letters

Formal letters: are written to strangers, colleagues, bosses, clients, customers, etc.

Informal letters: are written to friends, family members, etc.

Format

Formal Letter's format:

Sec 1: Your information

XYZ

Lahore Garrison University

Phase 6

Lahore

{Line-Break}

Sec2: Date

December 24, 2022

{Line-Break}

Sec3: Recipient Information

ABC

HOD of Computer sciences

Lahore Garrison University

Phase 6

Lahore

{Line-Break}

Sec4: Subject

Your reason for writing

{Line-Break}

Sec5: Salutation

Respected Sir/Madam

Sec6: Body

It is........................

Sec7: Ending

Thanking you in anticipation

Yours Truly

Your Name(XYZ)

Informal Letter's format:

Sec1: Date

December 24, 2022

{Line-Break}

Sec2: Recipient Address

Alice John

95, Cavalry street

Yorkshire

{Line-Break}

Sec3: Salutation

Dear Alice

Sec4: Body

Your content

Sec5: Ending/Conclusion

Yours Affectionately

Your Name(XYZ)

Types/Topics

The types of Formal Letter Formats are mentioned below.

Letter of Enquiry.

Order Letter.

Letter of Complaint.

Reply to a Letter of Complaint.

Promotion Letter.

Sales Letter.

Recovery Letter.

Informal Letter Examples:

Inviting a friend for a ceremony say for a birthday.

Calling a friend for a trip or holiday.

Asking for sorry or apologizing to someone for mistakes you have done.

Congratulating a friend for his success or achievement.

Writing just to ask for the well-being of a person.

Invitation for a marriage.

Sentence Errors

Some common sentence errors are: 

Parallelism Errors

Run-on Sentences

Comma Splice

Sentence Fragments

Misplaced, Dangling Modifiers

1. Parallelism Errors

"Parallelism means that words, phrases, and

clauses used in pairs or groups must all have

the same form."

متوازی کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ جوڑے یا گروہوں میں استعمال ہونے والے الفاظ، جملے اور شقوں کی ایک ہی شکل ہونی چاہیے۔

Verbs must match with verbs, and nouns must

match with nouns, etc.

فعل کو فعل کے ساتھ ملنا چاہیے، اور اسم کو اسم وغیرہ کے ساتھ ملنا چاہیے۔

Examples

Ex 01

I have been to Beijing and saw the Summer

Palace. (Wrong)

میں بیجنگ گیا ہوں اور سمر پیلس دیکھا۔

I have been to Beijing and have seen the

Summer Palace. (Correct)

میں بیجنگ گیا ہوں اور سمر پیلس دیکھا ہے۔

I went to Beijing and saw the Summer

Palace. (Correct)

میں بیجنگ گیا اور سمر پیلس دیکھا۔

Ex 02

She likes to read but not write.(Wrong)

.وہ پڑھنا پسند کرتی ہے لیکن نہیں لکھنا

She likes to read but not to write. (Correct)

اسے پڑھنا پسند ہے لیکن لکھنا نہیں۔

2. Run-on sentences and Comma splice

"A run-on sentence has two or more Independent Clauses that are joined without the correct punctuation or conjunction."

رن آن جملے میں دو یا دو سے زیادہ آزاد شقیں ہوتی ہیں جو درست رموز یا کنکشن کے بغیر جوڑ دی جاتی ہیں 

"A comma splice is a sentencing error where

 commas are not placed accordingly or correctly."

کوما اسپلائس ایک سزا کی غلطی ہے جہاں

 کوما اس کے مطابق یا صحیح طریقے سے نہیں رکھے گئے ہیں۔

3. Sentence fragment

"Fragment (noun) – a small part broken off or

separated from something."

ٹکڑا (اسم) - ایک چھوٹا سا حصہ ٹوٹا ہوا یا

 کسی چیز سے الگ

A sentence fragment (incomplete sentence) is

almost a sentence, but it lacks:

• a subject,

• a finite verb, or

• a completed thought.

ایک جملہ کا ٹکڑا (نامکمل جملہ) تقریباً ایک جملہ ہے، لیکن اس میں کمی ہے:

• ایک موضوع،

• ایک محدود فعل، یا

• ایک مکمل سوچ۔

A finite verb has a specific tense, person and

number (singular / plural).

In other words, it must match a subject.

• I go, she goes, he went (finite)

• To go, going (non-finite)

ایک محدود فعل کا ایک مخصوص زمانہ ہوتا ہے، شخص

اور نمبر (واحد/جمع)۔

دوسرے الفاظ میں، یہ ایک موضوع سے ملنا ضروری ہے.

• (میں جاتا ہوں، وہ جاتی ہے، وہ چلا گیا (محدود

• (جانا، جانا (غیر محدود

4. Dangling Modifiers

Modifier: A word or phrase that changes or

describes another word or phrase.

موڈیفائر: ایک لفظ یا جملہ جو بدلتا ہے یا

دوسرے لفظ یا فقرے کی وضاحت کرتا ہے۔

Dangle: to hang or swing loosely

لٹکنا: لٹکنا یا ڈھیلا جھولنا